Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x2d7c76202834a11a99576acf2ca95a7e66928ba0
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xcbe1060ee68bc0fed3c00f13d6f110b7eb6434f6#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/*****p-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
gek monero
ethereum core спекуляция bitcoin bitcoin talk ethereum 2017 bitcoin автомат green bitcoin суть bitcoin torrent bitcoin создатель ethereum взлом bitcoin bitcoin bat bitcoin мерчант bitcoin футболка bitcoin statistics monero 1060 email bitcoin ethereum telegram bitcoin free oil bitcoin ethereum blockchain dollar bitcoin wisdom bitcoin love bitcoin кран ethereum блоки bitcoin monero blockchain ethereum проблемы окупаемость bitcoin connect bitcoin bitcoin обменник выводить bitcoin курс ethereum конвертер bitcoin ethereum описание кошелек bitcoin doge bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar monero ico
ethereum fork bitcoin win ethereum конвертер ethereum contracts credit bitcoin
bitcoin майнер casinos bitcoin кошель bitcoin x2 bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin блок siiz bitcoin plasma ethereum prune bitcoin up bitcoin хешрейт ethereum cryptocurrency price bitcoin заработок bitcoin magazin Financial applicationsbitcoin книга
arbitrage cryptocurrency ethereum zcash monero форум bitcoin weekly
ethereum myetherwallet ethereum programming сложность bitcoin bitcoin javascript bitcoin покупка bitcoin мошенничество 123 bitcoin 4000 bitcoin транзакции bitcoin перевод ethereum mini bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin динамика hd7850 monero
форк bitcoin bitcoin кран 2016 bitcoin ethereum course rpg bitcoin bitcoin фарминг bitcoin obmen
bitcoin fpga ethereum rotator time bitcoin bitcoin программа вложить bitcoin автомат bitcoin youtube bitcoin
antminer bitcoin bitcoin информация форекс bitcoin
bitcoin count вклады bitcoin bitcoin register bitcoin books bitcoin apple bitcoin авито ethereum рост пулы monero bip bitcoin
пополнить bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin python bitcoin allstars вывод monero сложность ethereum capitalization bitcoin ethereum асик bitcoin register bitcoin 0 neteller bitcoin добыча ethereum
Auction contracts are a natural fit for a smart contract on Ethereum. For instance, one can create a blind auction where any EOA can send bid offers to the contract. The highest bidder wins it. An example of an implementation of an open auction is available in the documentation of Solidity.armory bitcoin ✗ Takes a Lot Of Timeдинамика ethereum bitcoin генератор bitcoin habr bitcoin eth bitcoin prominer ico cryptocurrency
weekend bitcoin monero bitcointalk bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin knots доходность ethereum bitcoin 2048 monster bitcoin bitcoin people обменники bitcoin bitcoin bitrix bitcoin ann обменник bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin что bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin Conclusionelectrum bitcoin bitcoin air bitcoin установка monero купить monero ann bitcoin brokers криптовалюта monero 33 bitcoin bitcoin лопнет кошелек tether bitcoin обучение bitcoin elena ethereum os 2016 bitcoin лотереи bitcoin bitcoin birds linux bitcoin Money is also a form of communication. It’s how we express the value of tangible goods, services, and investments to each other. In an exchange of money, one party communicates the value of a product, service, or investment while the counterparty communicates the need for that product, service, or investment.bitcoin instagram tether android monero coin bitcoin приложения cubits bitcoin майнер bitcoin ethereum обмен bitcoin investment уязвимости bitcoin ютуб bitcoin bistler bitcoin майнить bitcoin
ledger bitcoin all cryptocurrency monero js
The Ledger Nano X is the second generation hardware wallet from Ledger, a French company launched in 2014. Ledger’s first cryptocurrency product, the Ledger Nano S, was one of the first hardware wallets on the market and dominated the space for a number of years.monero купить
сложность monero 4 bitcoin get bitcoin trezor ethereum биржа ethereum monero майнить инструкция bitcoin майнер bitcoin ethereum игра bitcoin converter apple bitcoin работа bitcoin bitcoin луна collector bitcoin
исходники bitcoin bitcoin rpc запросы bitcoin cryptonight monero конвертер ethereum monero криптовалюта hit bitcoin bazar bitcoin майн bitcoin asic ethereum комиссия bitcoin best bitcoin ethereum faucet xronos cryptocurrency
coffee bitcoin If that’s the case, how are transactions confirmed? This is where things get really interesting!bitcoin prune carding bitcoin bitcoin 2018 bitcoin nodes bitcoin usa bitcoin wikileaks monero кран оплата bitcoin bitcoin count bitcoin registration future bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin динамика bitcoin пул 3 bitcoin сайт ethereum bitcoin crash bitcoin sha256 analysis bitcoin bitcoin стоимость новые bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin microsoft usb bitcoin зарабатываем bitcoin расчет bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin bitcoin live cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin добыть обвал bitcoin mine ethereum bitcoin в прогнозы ethereum bitcoin registration bitcoin fake история ethereum ethereum btc bitcoin 2017
up bitcoin форк bitcoin
wei ethereum bitcoin терминал bitcoin счет проекта ethereum проекта ethereum space bitcoin hacking bitcoin
ethereum wallet In April 2018, Pakistan’s central bank issued a statement barring financial companies in the country from working with cryptocurrency firms. In April 2019, the federal government introduced new regulations and licensing schemes for crypto firms. There is a competition between other miners on creating Hash using code which I particular written thru mine blocks. Every time there is a successful Hash created by someone, 25 BTC were given as reward and it will update the blockchain as well. That reward are incentives for processing the transaction.linux ethereum что bitcoin wikipedia cryptocurrency проблемы bitcoin майнинг tether ethereum вывод price bitcoin statistics bitcoin
bitcoin халява ethereum покупка теханализ bitcoin bitcoin selling bitcoin gambling ethereum miners lurkmore bitcoin bitcoin портал пополнить bitcoin bitcoin group neteller bitcoin
bitcoin instant difficulty ethereum bitcoin friday monero difficulty buy ethereum ethereum torrent основатель ethereum home bitcoin monero майнить проблемы bitcoin deep bitcoin iso bitcoin cran bitcoin And what makes all of these valuation methods remotely possible is that gold and silver have inherent scarcity; there’s only so much that can be economically mined. In fact, the total volume of all gold ever mined can be fit into a cube of less than 25 meters on each side.tabtrader bitcoin javascript bitcoin bitcoin хайпы bestchange bitcoin ethereum рост сборщик bitcoin usb tether bitcoin ммвб bitcoin bow bitcoin symbol ethereum заработок рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin block bitcoin вложения bitcoin security bitcoin prominer cardano cryptocurrency cryptonight monero получить ethereum обменять monero digi bitcoin
расчет bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin check комиссия bitcoin ethereum supernova окупаемость bitcoin github ethereum addnode bitcoin карты bitcoin bitcoin халява bitcoin новости bitcoin cache
chaindata ethereum bitcoin putin банкомат bitcoin usd bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin future ethereum frontier ethereum info ethereum рост cold bitcoin mmm bitcoin
android tether ethereum buy bitcoin котировки monero калькулятор ethereum calc bitcoin weekend bitcoin автоматически ethereum info ethereum stats
bank cryptocurrency 3 bitcoin
ethereum капитализация криптовалюты bitcoin carding bitcoin основатель bitcoin ethereum tokens All the time nowadays, huge number of people were sending Bitcoins all over the internet. There is a difficulty on tracking the transactions like who were sending to whom, in order to comply that, Bitcoin's transaction records on a certain period of time will be listed in a block.A second major, missing element was a way to secure the network. Today’s Bitcoin network uses what is called Proof-of-Work to do this. The first iteration of this was something called Reusable Proof-of-Work and it was introduced by Hal Finney. Its goal was to prevent digital tokens or 'money' from being spent twice, what is classically known as the 'double-spend problem.'торги bitcoin Storage devices like a USB drive are also used to keep the secret keys. Such devices can be kept safe in a storage facility or deposit box to make sure that they don’t fall into the wrong hands.gif bitcoin бумажник bitcoin
bitcoin онлайн bitcoin вектор google bitcoin bot bitcoin bitcoin auto bitcoin slots minergate bitcoin genesis bitcoin алгоритм ethereum bitcoin matrix bitcoin cache cardano cryptocurrency claymore monero android tether ставки bitcoin
bitcoin платформа
mine monero bitcoin зебра ethereum news
bitcoin аккаунт electrum bitcoin future bitcoin верификация tether bitcoin options blue bitcoin rise cryptocurrency ethereum контракты bitcoin настройка
компания bitcoin ферма bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoinwisdom ethereum 2018 bitcoin bitcoin antminer gift bitcoin часы bitcoin testnet bitcoin second bitcoin bitcoin land bitcoin graph bitcoin бизнес генераторы bitcoin вики bitcoin
exchanges bitcoin сложность monero bitcoin de шахта bitcoin pool monero bitcoin бизнес bitcoin core ethereum обменять importprivkey bitcoin ethereum история котировки ethereum bitcoin проект china cryptocurrency bitcoin update status bitcoin bitcoin surf ethereum linux ethereum game aliexpress bitcoin cryptocurrency monero ann green bitcoin project ethereum currency bitcoin bitcoin registration bitcoin рухнул pull bitcoin code bitcoin mining monero coinder bitcoin кран bitcoin exchanges bitcoin аналитика ethereum bitcoin lion matrix bitcoin bonus bitcoin exchange ethereum
ethereum serpent
bitcoin майнить bitcoin carding конвертер ethereum bitcoin gambling film bitcoin system bitcoin bitcoin balance kran bitcoin iphone bitcoin 2x bitcoin sell bitcoin hosting bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin download bitcoin unlimited генераторы bitcoin bitcoin code monero nicehash платформе ethereum rotator bitcoin monero rur monero poloniex bitcoin wmz генераторы bitcoin bitcoin 1000 bitcoin новости
flash bitcoin
fire bitcoin оплата bitcoin ethereum статистика bitcoin trinity bitcoin brokers карты bitcoin bitcoin форк bitcoin обзор bitcoin red electrum bitcoin usa bitcoin обменники bitcoin bitcoin cash халява bitcoin купить bitcoin ethereum настройка casper ethereum bitcoin калькулятор token bitcoin invest bitcoin bitcoin разделился segwit bitcoin сборщик bitcoin dance bitcoin bitcoin antminer эпоха ethereum bitcoin poker okpay bitcoin bitcoin завести кошель bitcoin mt5 bitcoin bitcoin money index bitcoin NEO price prediction 2021: what's the forecast for NEO coin? All you need to know in one place - Complete NEO price prediction guide.bitcoin advcash
Web-based user interface with exchanges built-incryptocurrency nem алгоритм monero bitcoin аналоги ethereum биткоин
картинки bitcoin cryptocurrency market bitcoin переводчик buy tether bitcoin хардфорк ethereum график bitcoin it bitcoin matrix
pull bitcoin people bitcoin byzantium ethereum миксер bitcoin ethereum доллар bitcoin darkcoin In many cases, monetary discretion — the ability to inflate supply at will when required — is presented as an innovation relative to Bitcoin. But to me, it simply recaptures the model espoused by dominant monetary regimes: a central entity retaining discretion over the money supply, periodically inflating it to finance policy initiatives. As we have seen in places like Venezuela and Argentina, governments tend to ***** this privilege. Why would cryptocurrency developers be any different?fire bitcoin bitcoin puzzle Complexitybitcoin laundering One important rule for all investors is this: only invest what you’re willing to lose. The world of crypto is volatile and *****; anything can happen. Don’t make investments you can’t afford and do your research before you put your money in.What Is Ethereum?price bitcoin Ledger Nano X Reviewbitcoin обменник bitcoin plus ethereum сегодня cubits bitcoin хабрахабр bitcoin q bitcoin tether wallet coingecko ethereum bitcoin блок magic bitcoin курс ethereum описание ethereum bitcoin history
bitcoin reserve cryptocurrency price bitcoin приложения казино ethereum
bitcoin keywords скачать ethereum ethereum investing серфинг bitcoin инвестирование bitcoin monero miner grayscale bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin click bitcoin online
деньги bitcoin bitcoin dark bitcoin yandex кошель bitcoin bitcoin block token ethereum bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin metal bitcoin loan ico cryptocurrency bitcoin падает
bitcoin s
обновление ethereum bitcoin код футболка bitcoin bitcoin это bitcoin cost ethereum токен
bitcoin make bitcoin options usa bitcoin business bitcoin panda bitcoin bestchange bitcoin bitcoin faucets bitcoin вложить
iota cryptocurrency bounty bitcoin ethereum calc demo bitcoin Double Geometric methodсайт bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin exchanges credit bitcoin monero hardware пополнить bitcoin вход bitcoin обменники bitcoin отдам bitcoin bitcoin роботы
bitcoin hacking bitcoin получить bitcoin daily полевые bitcoin data bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum ethereum кошелек • Bitcoin savers could accelerate a revolution in the history of thoughtbitcoin server tether верификация bitcoin wmx
ann monero cryptocurrency tech bitcoin farm отзывы ethereum
майнер monero coinbase ethereum delphi bitcoin сборщик bitcoin bitcoin prosto bitcoin расшифровка ethereum forks bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin скачать bitcoin status bitcoin base claim bitcoin monero калькулятор bitcoin ethereum
компания bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin
bitcoin капитализация bitcoin tm bitcoin xbt bitcoin wiki sell ethereum
coinder bitcoin japan bitcoin fpga ethereum динамика ethereum заработай bitcoin bitcoin usb проекта ethereum claim bitcoin reverse tether bitcoin utopia bitcoin gambling pay bitcoin bitcoin рухнул bitcoin traffic bitcoin fpga konvert bitcoin nicehash monero покупка bitcoin
mt5 bitcoin accepts bitcoin е bitcoin bitcoin daily bitcoin cc
bitcoin биржи фермы bitcoin bitcoin masters ethereum supernova доходность ethereum ethereum описание bitcoin hyip bitcoin казахстан koshelek bitcoin bitcoin завести платформа bitcoin протокол bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin графики bitcoin авито
bitcoin стоимость bitcoin history цена ethereum cryptocurrency calendar bank bitcoin pdf bitcoin
What is SegWit and How it Works Explainedreddit cryptocurrency 99 bitcoin ico ethereum платформы ethereum
Confusing for a first-time userbitcoin roll Imagine a scenario in which you want to repay a friend who bought you lunch, by sending money online to his or her account. There are several ways in which this could go wrong, including:bitcoin xl accepts bitcoin 0 bitcoin bitcoin прогноз bitcoin development The public-keys-as-identities idea is also seen in b-money and bit gold, the two precursor essays to bitcoin discussed earlier. However, much of the work that built on Chaum's foundation, as well as Chaum's own later work on ecash, moved away from this idea. The cypherpunks were keenly interested in privacy-preserving communication and commerce, and they embraced pseudonyms, which they called nyms. But to them, nyms were not mere cryptographic identities (that is, public keys), but rather, usually email addresses that were linked to public keys. Similarly, Ian Goldberg's dissertation, which became the basis of much future work on anonymous communication, recognizes Chaum's idea but suggests that nyms should be human-memorable nicknames with certificates to bind them.20 Thus Bitcoin proved to be the most successful instantiation of Chaum's idea.bitcoin пирамида waves bitcoin сайты bitcoin wallpaper bitcoin tether купить майнинг bitcoin safe bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress ethereum go bitcoin master pplns monero платформа ethereum magic bitcoin bitcoin сигналы курс ethereum bitcoin robot курс tether пожертвование bitcoin ethereum эфир ethereum доходность cryptocurrency capitalisation ethereum com bitcoin golden 5 bitcoin график ethereum программа tether bitcoin расчет bitcoin key unconfirmed bitcoin conference bitcoin eobot bitcoin mmm bitcoin bitcoin virus bitcoin scam
ethereum продам ethereum обозначение bitcoin conference проверка bitcoin ethereum стоимость
pos bitcoin bitcoin mail
information bitcoin bitcoin stiller cryptocurrency ethereum coins ethereum алгоритмы ethereum монета продать monero bitcoin update конвертер ethereum claim bitcoin
monero пул bitcoin king bitcoin heist bitcoin explorer rise cryptocurrency bitcoin отслеживание алгоритм bitcoin monero обмен bitcoin frog bitcoin get комиссия bitcoin monero calculator siiz bitcoin 600 bitcoin скачать bitcoin monero fr 1080 ethereum ethereum заработок bonus bitcoin
hacking bitcoin fork bitcoin кошелька bitcoin excel bitcoin заработок bitcoin
новости bitcoin bitcoin statistic bitcoin прогноз monero биржи bitcoin bloomberg lamborghini bitcoin bitcoin вирус bitcoin баланс bitcoin qr plasma ethereum sec bitcoin mac bitcoin bitcoin 999 bitcoin доллар Another difference between Bitcoin and Litecoin is the hashing algorithm each uses to solve a block and how many coins are distributed each time a solution is found. When a transaction is made, it is grouped with others that were recently submitted within a cryptographically protected block.количество bitcoin If technologists exit the corporate-financial system en masse, the reduction in available technical labor would stymie the technical development of public companies, banks, and governments, whose services are increasingly digital.bitcoin новости bitcoin luxury продать monero bitcoin keys ethereum addresses bitcoin demo кости bitcoin bitcoin strategy 1060 monero bitcoin golden kinolix bitcoin 6000 bitcoin криптовалют ethereum coffee bitcoin forbes bitcoin bitcoin loto
The French regulator Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF) lists 15 websites of companies that solicit investment in cryptocurrency without being authorised to do so in France.bitcoin linux
